The outstanding figure of this incipient “nationalist” movement was the English monk St. Isidore, utilizing his vast reading, compiled encyclopaedias on everything from liturgical ceremonies to the natural sciences. Isidore of Sevilla that of the Visigoths, and Cassiodorus that of the Ostrogoths. Gregory of Tours wrote the history of the Franks, St.
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The so-called barbarian kingdoms soon produced their own Christian literature: St. The Ottonian renaissance in Germany encouraged even more confidently the erection of church buildings, producing such masterpieces as the surviving cathedrals at Hildesheim and Spires and setting out a characteristically German style of architecture it also continued the Carolingian tradition of manuscript illumination. Great buildings, notably the palace complex at Aachen, also began to emerge, partly based on Byzantine models, such as the churches at Ravenna. Manuscripts during the Carolingian period were often bound with covers of intricate ivory and metalwork of superb finesse. the Coronation Gospels and the Codex aureus). In the age of Charlemagne exquisite calligraphy was continued (e.g., the Utrecht Psalter), as was the composition of illuminated manuscripts (e.g.
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The Irish and Anglo-Saxon monks did not construct noble buildings but knew how to write and to illustrate a book. The so-called Dark Ages in the West produced virtually no sculpture or painting-with the notable exception of illuminated manuscripts, of which marvelous specimens were made (e.g., the Book of Kells and the Lindisfarne Gospels). Theodore Studites, the great hymn writers of this period were Cosmas of Jerusalem and Joseph of Studium. Byzantine hymns were classified according to their mode, and the mode changed each week. The kanon gave more scope to the musicians by providing greater variety. Music also became more elaborate the kontakion was replaced by the kanon, a cycle of nine odes, each of six to nine stanzas and with a different melody. The ending of iconoclasm in 843 (the restoration of orthodoxy), however, liberated the artists adept in mosaic and fresco to portray figures once again, spurring a new revival of decoration. The iconoclasts everywhere replaced figures with the cross or with exquisite patterns. Iconoclasm was not an anti-intellectual, anti-art movement. But the most learned theologian of the age was beyond doubt the patriarch St. Mamas at Constantinople, whose doctrines about light visions anticipated the hesychasm (quietistic prayer methods) of St. Symeon the New Theologian (949–1022), abbot of St. Greek mystical theology had an outstanding representative in St. The great opponents of iconoclasm, John of Damascus and Theodore Studites, also composed hymns and other theological treatises. Maximus the Confessor (580–662) was based upon subtle and very careful considerations of the implications of Chalcedon. The monothelite and iconoclastic controversies produced herculean theological endeavours: the criticism of monothelitism by the monk St.
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Ecumenism since the start of the 20th century.Ecumenism in the 17th and 18th centuries.Orthodox and nondenominational missions.Missions to South East Asia and the Pacific.The tendency to spiritualize and individualize marriage.Intellectualism versus anti-intellectualism.Theological and humanitarian motivations.Church and state in Eastern and Western theology.
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